Introduction

The history of the Jewish community in medieval England is marked by both periods of relative coexistence and severe persecution. From their arrival after the Norman Conquest in 1066 until their expulsion in 1290, English Jews experienced a fluctuating existence characterized by legal restrictions, social discrimination, and violent attacks. The medieval era’s social, economic, and religious climate contributed to the vulnerability of Jews, who were often scapegoated and marginalized.

This article examines the persecution of Jews in medieval England, exploring the social, religious, economic, and political factors that led to their oppression, the nature of anti-Jewish violence, and the long-term consequences of their expulsion.

Arrival and Settlement of Jews in England

Jews first arrived in England with the Norman Conquest of 1066. William the Conqueror invited Jewish merchants and financiers from continental Europe to help develop England’s economy, particularly through moneylending—a profession largely forbidden to Christians by the Church.

By the late 11th and early 12th centuries, Jewish communities had established themselves primarily in London, York, Lincoln, and other towns, becoming integral to medieval England’s financial system. Despite their contributions, Jews were subject to strict royal oversight and were considered “property” of the king, which made them vulnerable to exploitation and arbitrary taxation. shutdown123